HEALTHCARE SERVICE QUALITY- A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Healthcare is a service sector with unique characteristics. Across the world public and private healthcare institutions have been the matter of priority. There are so many studies done on the various factors of hospital like assessing competition in hospital care market, performance relationship, and environment uncertainty in hospital, patient loyalty in India and outside India. Healthcare Service quality is a broad concept. This paper examines the review of literature on Healthcare Service Quality. Review of healthcare service quality was done by analysing 25 articles. The study investigates the factor of quality affecting the value care and patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is an important parameter to measure healthcare service quality level. This study is based on secondary data literature review and it explores the important factors on Healthcare Service Quality.

Analysis of the medical complaint data in a district of Beijing during the COVID-19 epidemic / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the complaint data of medical institutions in a district of Beijing in 2021, discuss the patients′ demands for medical services under the background of epidemic normalizaed prevention and control, for reference to improve the service quality and quality management level of medical institutions.Methods:The data was from all patient complaints received by the Beijing Hospital Management Center in 2021 from medical institutions in a district of Beijing, and the information of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Beijing in 2021 from Wind database. The time of complaint, the complained organization, the object of complaint, the content and reason, and the time distribution of epidemic related complaints and COVID-19 cases were analyzed. All data were analyzed by descriptive analysis.Results:A total of 2 408 valid complaints were included. The tertiary hospitals(1 175, 48.8%) and secondary hospitals(724, 30.1%) received more complaints; The complaints against to hospital managers were the most(1 470, 61.0%), followed by complaints against doctors(590, 24.5%); The number of complaints related to hospital management were the largest(776, 32.2%), followed by complaints related to diagnosis and treatment effects(623, 25.9%) and epidemic situation(431, 17.9%). The time distribution of epidemic related complaints was similar to the change trend of the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Beijing during the same period.Conclusions:Under the background of epidemic normalizaed prevention and control, the problems of hospital management in medical complaints were the most prominent, and epidemic related complaints accounted for a large proportion. Medical institutions should closely combine patients′ demands, optimize diagnosis and treatment procedures, unblock doctor-patient communication channels, promote hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, optimize resource allocation, and explore high-quality hospital operation and management mode.

Mothers’ perspectives on utilization of maternal health services in Rural Health Units in Luzon: A qualitative study

Introduction@#Despite implementing various maternal health care programs and integrating these into Service Delivery Networks, the Philippines continues to have high maternal mortality. Identifying factors that impede the utilization of available maternal care services may help reduce maternal morbidity and mortality and bridge the gap between the need and actual use of such services among mothers in the community. @*Objectives@#This study identified barriers, hindrances, and other factors influencing mothers in availing maternal health services in Luzon, the largest island in the country and the area that accounted for more than half of total maternal mortality. @*Methods@#Eight focus group discussions participated in by a total of 78 pregnant women and mothers were conducted across all of the eight regions of Luzon. In each session, the participants were asked to answer questions based on a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded, translated and back-translated, transcribed, and compiled before analysis by the deductive-dominant approach using NVivo12. @*Results@#Factors affecting maternal health service utilization center on the capacity of health facilities to provide services like evaluation of the progress of pregnancy, laboratory examinations, free medicines, and immunizations; and on region-bound individual factors. The availability of skilled health personnel and lack of financial resources were the most common subthemes. @*Conclusion@#This study identified some key factors that deter patients from availing of existing maternal health services in Luzon. Eliminating these barriers will not only help strengthen local health infrastructure and improve service delivery but also promote the utilization of such services, leading to better maternal outcomes.

Dimensões da escala brasileira de insegurança alimentar na atenção primária à saúde / Dimensions of the Brazilian food insecurity scale on primary health care

Objetivo: Analisar a relevância das dimensões da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Método: Conduziu-se estudo a partir da linha de base com amostra representativa de usuários do Programa Academia da Saúde de Belo Horizonte-MG. A mensuração da insegurança alimentar foi obtida pela EBIA. Utilizou-se análise fatorial para identificar as dimensões da EBIA relevantes para os usuários do Programa.Resultado: Verificou-se elevada prevalência de insegurança alimentar (31,1%), sobretudo entre as famílias com menores de 18 anos (41,0%). Foi identificada redução do percentual de respostas afirmativas segundo a gravidade de insegurança alimentar implicada na questão, sendo queitens relacionados à insegurança alimentar leve (preocupação e acesso à alimentação saudável) apresentaram maior percentual de respostas afirmativas, enquanto aqueles correlatos à insegurança alimentar severa (fome e perda de peso), menores percentuais. Foram identificados três fatores relevantes da EBIA para famílias com menores de 18 anos: preocupação, privação e crianças/adolescentes; e para as demais famílias: preocupação, privação e fome. Conclusão: Sugere-se, assim, o uso da EBIA na Atenção Primária, visando avaliar o risco de insegurança alimentar e o delineamento de ações de promoção da saúde mais abrangentes.

Objective:The aim of the current study is to analyze the relevance of dimensions of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Methods:Baseline study conducted with sample representative of Health Academy Program (HAP) users in Belo Horizonte ­ MG. Food insecurity was measured based on EBIA. Factor analysis was used to identify EBIA dimensions relevant to HAP users.Results: There was high prevalence of food insecurity (31.1%), mainly among families with members younger than 18 years (41.0%). Affirmative response rates have decreaseddepending on the food insecurity severity level involved in the question.Items associated with mild food insecurity (concernedwith and access to healthy food) recorded higher affirmative response rates, whereasitems associated withsevere food insecurity (hunger and weight loss) recorded lower rates. Three relevant EBIA factors were identified for family members younger than 18 years, namely: concern, deprivation and children / adolescents, whereas relevant EBIA factors identified for other family members comprised concern, deprivation and hunger. Conclusion:EBIA should be used in Primary Care in order to assess the risk of food insecurity and the design of more comprehensive health promotion actions.

Acesso de pessoas com deficiência a serviços públicos de saúde: contribuições de um estudo na região do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo / Access to public health service for persons with disabilities: contribution from a study conducted at the region of Vale do Paraíba and the North Coast of São Paulo State

O acesso de pessoas com deficiências em 63 serviços de 12 municípios do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte de São Paulo foi avaliado em estudo exploratório, com desenho quali-quantitativo realizado entre 2008 e 2010. Foi utilizado roteiro de observação da recepção dos serviços, 63 entrevistas estruturadas com seus responsáveis e 596 com usuários, sendo 57 pessoas com deficiência, resultando na caracterização de serviços, equipes, atividades assistenciais, turnos de funcionamento, agendamento, transporte, usuários com deficiência, motivos de procura, tempo de espera e acolhimento. Constatou-se como facilitadores do acesso a proximidade do domicílio, a presença da estratégia de saúde da família, de profissionais de reabilitação e o tempo de espera reduzido. Os fatores dificultadores foram a exigência do agendamento com a presença do usuário ou representante, a ausência ou dificuldades no transporte público em 41% dos municípios, a ausência de transporte adaptado em 75% deles, a existência de barreiras ambientais e a prevalência de assistência de caráter biomédico e poucas ações reabilitacionais nos serviços de atenção básica. Conclui-se que é fundamental que as políticas considerem essas especificidades para garantir o direito à saúde desse grupo populacional

Access for disabled persons in 63 services of 12 municipalities in Vale do Paraíba and São Paulo's North Coast was evaluated in an exploratory study, with a quali-quantitative design carried out 2008 - 2010 with observation guidelines of service reception, 63 structured interviews with the people in charge and with 596 users, 57 being disabled persons, resulting in a characterization of the service provided, personnel, assistential activities, working shifts, scheduling, transportation, disabled users, reasons for requiring the services, waiting time and reception. Access facilitators were the proximity to the homes, healthcare strategies in the families, rehabilitation professionals and reduced waiting time. Complicating factors were the mandatory presence of the users or their representatives at scheduling, the absence of or difficulties with public transportation in 41% of the municipalities, the absence of adapted transportation in 75% of them, the existence of environmental barriers and the predominance of biomedical assistance and few rehabilitation actions in the basic care services. It was concluded that it is essential for policies to take such specificities into consideration in order to guarantee the right to health care of this population group.

Experience of Finland children's whole-course health care service and management and its enlightenment / 上海预防医学

Finland is acknowledged as an international leader in the children's health care by the World Health Organization, especially in the formulation and planning of children's health care policies. In the article, we introduces Finnish service mode and management experience in the whole-process medical care for children, including successful operation of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, key role of public health nurses in the whole-process management, significant influence of social and family environment on the healthy development of children, and integration of children's health and welfare services through multi-sectoral cooperation. We make some suggestions and recommendations for the construction of children's health service capacity in China in strengthening the laws and policies in the children's health, improving the network construction and three-level connection of maternal and child health care system, taking the construction of pediatric integrated health care system as the breakthrough point to further promote hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, improving the multi-sectoral cooperation mechanism, and maximizing the influence of information technology and family.

Inequities and inequalities in health and some Public Health Proposals that may improve inequities and inequalities in accessing Primary Healthcare Services in Papua New Guinea

@#Inequity and inequality in accessing primary healthcare services can be created by systemic and structural barriers in a health system. A recent review of Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) health system revealed that there are inequities and inequalities in primary healthcare service access. This disparity is magnified in the rural and remote regions of the country. One of the main reasons for this has been the chronic shortage in government funding. This paper presents an overview of inequities and inequalities in health and suggests some public health approaches that may improve primary healthcare service access in PNG

O que pessoas que usam drogas buscam em serviços de saúde? Compreensões para além da abstinência / What do people who use drugs look for in healthcare services? Understanding this issue beyond abstinence / ¿Qué es lo que las personas que usan drogas buscan en los servicios de salud? Comprensiones más allá de la abstinencia

Proposições de modificação da Atenção no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) às pessoas que usam drogas têm desconsiderado suas necessidades, demandas e expectativas. A partir de contribuições da Saúde Coletiva, buscou-se compreendê-las por meio de pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu entrevistas semiestruturadas, grupos focais e observação participante em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial-Álcool e Drogas (Caps-AD). Constatou-se que os usuários se dirigem aos serviços não apenas para interromper o consumo de drogas, mas também para reduzi-lo, para receber atenção em relação a comprometimentos orgânicos ou psíquicos, construir laços sociais, ter acesso a condições básicas de vida e conquistar autonomia. A pesquisa, ao ampliar as compreensões sobre as demandas, necessidades e expectativas das pessoas que usam drogas, apresentou contribuições para a análise e redefinição das práticas e do modelo de atenção adotados no SUS.(AU)

Proposals to modify the care provided for drug users in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) have not been considering their needs, demands and expectations. Based on contributions from Collective Health, our objective was to understand them by means of a qualitative research that involved semi-structured interviews, focus groups and participant observation at Alcohol and Drugs Psychosocial Care Centers (Caps AD). We found that users go to the services not only to interrupt drug use, but also to reduce it, to receive care for organic or psychological problems, to construct social bonds, to have access to basic life conditions, and to achieve autonomy. By amplifying the understanding about the demands, needs and expectations of people who use drugs, the research has contributed to the analysis and redefinition of the care practices and model adopted by SUS.(AU)

Las propuestas de modificación de la atención en el Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) para las personas que usan drogas han desconsiderado sus necesidades, demandas y expectativas. A partir de contribuciones de la Salud Colectiva, se buscó comprenderlas por medio de una investigación cualitativa que envolvió entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos focales y observación participante en Centros de Atención Psicosocial - Alcohol y Drogas (Caps AD). Se constató que los usuarios se dirigen a los servicios no solo para interrumpir el consumo de drogas, sino también para reducirlo, para recibir atención para comprometimientos orgánicos o psíquicos, construir lazos sociales, tener acceso a condiciones básicas de vida y conquistar autonomía. La investigación, al ampliar las comprensiones sobre las demandas, necesidades y expectativas de las personas que usan drogas, presentó contribuciones para el análisis y redefinición de las prácticas y del modelo de atención adoptados en el SUS.(AU)

Demand for traditional Chinese medicine healthcare services among the elderly in community：A perspective of Andersen's behavioral model / 预防医学

Objective@#To learn the demand for traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）healthcare services among the elderly people in community based on Andersen's behavioral model. @*Methods@#The people aged 60 years or above in six communities of Changqing Street,Xiacheng District,Hangzhou were recruited. Based on Andersen's behavioral model,a questionnaire was developed to investigate their demand for TCM healthcare services. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for the demand,and the advantage analysis method was used to figure out the importance of the influencing factors.@*Results@#A total of 360 questionnaires were sent out and 352（97.78%）valid questionnaires were recovered. There were 215（61.08%）people with demand for TCM healthcare services,ranking first in TCM health intervention and assessment（68.84%）,followed by TCM health consultation and guidance（42.79%）. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age of 70 years old and over（OR：1.958-2.767,95%CI：1.087-6.493）,monthly income of 2 000 yuan and over（OR：2.757-3.409,95%CI：1.356-6.555）,modest family relation（OR=0.152,95%CI：0.076-0.306）,severity of disability（OR：2.980-4.332,95%CI：1.545-11.906）and severity of depression（OR：3.792-17.347,95%CI：1.972-68.020）were the influencing factors for TCM healthcare services demand of the elderly. Among them,the importance weights of the demand factors（disability and depression）,the ability factors（monthly income and family relation）and propensity factors（age）were 47.59%,34.02% and 18.39%,respectively. @*Conclusions @#Factors influencing the demand for TCM healthcare services in the elderly include age,monthly income,family relation,disability and depression,with the last two factors of the most importance.

O processo de conformação do perfil assistencial nos hospitais federais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / The process of defining the hospital care profile in federal hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo Este artigo analisa o processo de conformação do perfil assistencial nos hospitais federais no município do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa e que utilizou entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas junto a gestores hospitalares. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da formação do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Na percepção dos gestores esse processo é decorrente de um conjunto de estratégias emergentes, as propostas e as necessidades de mudança se constituem de reações adaptativas que as unidades desenvolvem de forma desarticulada visando à resolução de problemas identificados pelos profissionais e gestores. O processo é considerado muito mais a partir de uma perspectiva política do que racional e sistêmica. Algumas experiências de trabalho com a missão hospitalar, como o enfoque da démarche stratégique, já apontam para uma construção mais colegiada na definição do perfil assistencial, que considera o hospital como componente de uma rede integrada de serviços e que adota um processo de decisão menos incremental e mais integrador.

Abstract This article analyzes the process of shaping the care profile of federal hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This is a qualitative, descriptive study that draws on semi-structured interviews with hospital administrators. Data analysis used the Collective Subject Discourse approach. Managers believe this process is the result of a set of emerging strategies, proposals and need for change, which result in adaptive reactions that hospitals develop with no coordination between them to resolve problems identified by professionals and managers. The process is analyzed much more from a political point of view than from a rational and systemic one. Some of the experience with the hospital mission, such as the focus on a strategic approach, already signals a more collegiate approach to defining the profile of care, where the hospital is one component of an integrated network of services, with a decision process that is less incremental and more integrating.

Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Internal Medicine Physicians / 대한내과학회지

Artificial intelligence (AI) is now very closely related to the work of internal medicine physicians. Internal medicine physicians must actively cope with and study the weak AI that affects them. Active use of weak AI can result in a reduced frequency of medical accidents and improved work efficiency. However, the form of medical consultation designed to treat patients based on behavior and guidelines of simply looking for symptoms and prescribing medications will ultimately disappear. As the age of self-care has begun, directors of local internal medicine clinics may expand their business to include AI-based chronic diseases and healthcare service companies to treat chronic diseases.

Capacity building pathways for primary healthcare in the hierarchical medical system / 中华医院管理杂志

Based on an analysis of the capacity bottleneck and boundaries of the valid delivery of primary healthcare service, the author proposed the capacity enhancement pathways for valid delivery of primary healthcare service. Such pathways refer to enhancing primary healthcare service by means of pairing assistance,medical consortiums and telemedicine;and motivating primary practitioners for higher capacity by means of performance appraisal and position management.

The influencing factors of vertical rural health services integration in Jiangsu Province: Based on factor analytic method / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective: In order to better understand the influencing factors of vertical rural health services integration and put forward policy suggestions for its sustainable development.Methods: 288 residents were investigated through questionnaire survey in three sample areas of Jiangsu province in August 2015.Results: In this study, 4 common factors have been found, namely organizational management, incentive mechanism, policy and supporting measures, as well as information sharing and business communication.The overall scores given by health managers, doctors and nurses, and public healthcare professionals were 0.03, 0.04 and-0.02 respectively.Conclusions: Therefore, in order to succeed, it is very necessary to introduce targeted supporting policies, establish a mutual communication mechanism, and make an effective incentive mechanism.

The development,application and implications of the Anderson Model in the field of healthcare / 中国卫生政策研究

The Anderson model was founded in 1968, based on the three initial components of predisposing characteristics,enabling resources and need as its original components.It has been modified and improved for five times since then by increasing measurement index,adjusting structure,expanding path relation,and transforming a-nalysis path,to become a complete theoretical model and the feasibility of empirical research finally.The Anderson Model was widely recognized by the international academia,and used in the field of healthcare services research in U-nited States and Europe as a theoretical model for analyzing the main influence factors of utilization behavior of health service,such as individual medical choice, medical costs, disease screening, drug use etc.This paper aimed to summarize the development and the usage of the model in foreign countries.It will be not only be helpful to the theo-retical and applied research in the field of healthcare in China, but also be helpful to improving the medical and health policy and designing the questionnaire in the National Health Service Survey.

Use of mother and child healthcare services according to social and demographic characteristics in a city in Paraíba, Brazil / Utilizaςão de serviς os de saúde materno-infantil segundo características sociodemográficas em cidade do interior do estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Utilización de servicios de salud materno-infantil según características sociodemográficas en una ciudad del interior del estado de Paraíba, Brasil

Objective: To analyse the type of service used (public or private) for antenatal care and during delivery and post-partum according to maternal social and demographic characteristics in the city of Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analytical study of 633 mothers with children under one year of age who were surveyed in order to gather social, demographic, antenatal, partum and post- partum data, including the type of service used. The association between maternal social and demographic characteristics and the type of service used was analysed. Results: The usage of public services was 77% for antenatal care and 80.1% for delivery/puerperium. A systematic difference was found in the use of public services among women with a lower level of schooling (PR = 1.31 95% CI: 1.14-1.43) and families covered by the social programme (PR = 1.28 95 % CI: 1.14-1.33). Conclusion: Findings highlight inequalities in the use of antenatal and partum/post-partum healthcare services.

Objetivo: Analisar o tipo de serviςo utilizado (se público ou privado) na assistência pré-natal e ao parto/puerpério segundo características sociodemográficas maternas na cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal analítico no qual entrevistaram-se 633 mães de filhos menores de um ano, obtendo-se informaςões sociodemográficas e da atenςão ao pré-natal, ao parto e ao puerpério, inclusive sobre o tipo de serviςo utilizado. Analisou-se a associaςão das caraterísticas sociodemográficas maternas com o tipo de serviςo utilizado. Resultados: A utilizaςão do serviςo público foi de 77,0% na assistência pré-natal e de 80,1% no caso do parto/puerpério. Verificou-se vantagem sistemática na utilizaςão de serviςos públicos de saúde durante o pré-natal e o parto/puerpério nas mulheres de menor escolaridade (PR=1.31 95%CI: 1.14-1.43) e nas de famílias beneficiadas pelo Programa Bolsa Família (PR= 1.28 95%CI: 1.14-1.33). Conclusões: Os achados destacam desigualdades no uso de serviςos de saúde do pré-natal e parto/ puerpério.

Objetivo: analizar el tipo de servicio utilizado (público o privado) en la asistencia prenatal y el parto/ posparto según características sociodemográficas maternas en la ciudad de Campina Grande, Paraíba (Brasil). Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico, en el cual se entrevistaron 633 madres de hijos menores de un año, obteniéndose información sociodemográfica del prenatal, parto y puerperio, incluido el tipo de servicio utilizado. Se analizó la asociación de las características sociodemográficas maternas con dicho servicio. Resultados: la utilización del servicio público fue de 77,0 % en la asistencia prenatal y de 80,1 % en el parto/puerperio. Se encontró una diferencia sistemática en la utilización de servicios públicos en las mujeres de menor escolaridad (PR = 1,31; IC 95 %: 1,14-1,43) y en familias beneficiadas por programa social (PR = 1,28 IC 95 %: 1,14-1,33). Conclusión: los hallazgos destacan desigualdades en la utilización de los servicios de salud prenatal y parto/posparto.

Itinerários de cuidados à saúde de mulheres com história de síndromes hipertensivas na gestação / Itinerarios de cuidados de la salud de mujeres con historial de síndromes hipertensivos en la gestación / Healthcare itineraries of women with histories of hypertensive syndromes during pregnancy

O artigo teve como objetivo analisar itinerários de cuidados à saúde de mulheres com história de síndromes hipertensivas na gestação. O método foi o estudo de relatos orais, cujos resultados de 35 entrevistas foram agrupados em quatro categorias temáticas: compreensões de saúde e doença; percepções do risco; interações institucionais; e interações afetivo-familiares envolvidas na busca de cuidados. Múltiplas situações de vulnerabilidade afetam o itinerário de cuidados, incluindo dificuldades de acesso a serviços especializados e a relação com os profissionais de saúde. Saberes e práticas de saúde compartilhados na comunidade são recursos importantes na construção do cuidado, que também pode ser afetado, positiva ou negativamente, pelas dinâmicas de interação na rede afetivo-familiar e com o apoio social recebido...

El objetivo del artículo fue analizar los itinerarios de cuidados de la salud de mujeres con historial de síndromes hipertensivos durante la gestación. El método fue el estudio de relatos orales, cuyos resultados de 35 entrevistas se agruparon en cuatro categorías temáticas: comprensiones de la salud y de la enfermedad, percepciones del riesgo, interacciones institucionales e interacciones afectivo-familiares envueltas en la búsqueda de cuidados. Son múltiples las situaciones de vulnerabilidad que afectan el itinerario de cuidados, incluyendo dificultades de acceso a servicios especializados y la relación con los profesionales de la salud. Los saberes y las prácticas compartidas en la comunidad son recursos importantes para la construcción del cuidado que también puede verse afectado, de forma positiva o negativa, por las dinámicas de interacción en la red afectivo-familiar y con el apoyo social recibido...

This paper aimed to analyze the healthcare itineraries of women with histories of hypertensive syndromes during pregnancy. The method used was to study oral reports, and the results from 35 interviews were grouped into four thematic categories: comprehension of health and illness; perceptions of risk; institutional interactions; affective and family interactions involved in seeking care. Multiple situations of vulnerability affect the care itinerary, including difficulties in accessing specialized services and relationships with healthcare professionals. Knowledge and healthcare practices shared within the community are important resources in constructing care, which can also be affected positively or negatively by the dynamics of interactions within the affective-family network and by the social support received...

Government accountability in building trust between physicians and patients from the perspective of health-care service integration / 中华医院管理杂志

The study found that the physician-patient trust crisis results from overreliance on technology trust instead of interpersonal trust and institutional trust. The alleged “Paternalistic government innovation”in healthcare service has caused wastes of healthcare resources and gap below public expectancy due to its incompetence in resolving social problems,further eroding institutional legality and intensifying such crisis.This research aimed to identify government accountabilities in building such trust from three aspects.

Mechanism analysis on integration of health care services at county and township level：From the perspective of stakeholder theory / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To analyze the mechanism on integration of health care services at the county and town-ship level from the perspective of stakeholder theory. Methods: The stakeholder interest demand was determined by word frequency analysis of interview data from stakeholders in the three regions of Qianjiang, Huangpi, and Zhen-jiang;the degree of attention and gains and losses of stakeholders towards various demands was investigated from the three regions through interest demand questionnaires;the impact of demand benefits on behavioral responses has been evaluated through comprehensive evaluation theory and game theory. Results:Regional integration policies reflect the interest demands of stakeholders in varying degrees; the higher were the scores of demand benefits in interest de-mands questionnaires, the stronger was the willingness of stakeholders to coordinate integration policies. Conclusion:The policies of integration of health care services in rural China should consider all stakeholder interest demands;the better the interest demands of the stakeholders are satisfied, the stronger their motivation for integration reform will be, which may affect the implementation effects of local integration reforms to some extent.

Factores asociados al uso de servicios de atención primaria por adultos mayores de Cartagena, Colombia / Factors associated with senior citizens using primary healthcare services in Cartagena, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Establecer los factores asociados al uso de los servicios de salud por los adultos mayores de Cartagena-Colombia. Métodos Estudio transversal. Con una población de 66 795 adultos mayores, se estimó una muestra de 656. Muestreo estratificado. Se aplicó el cuestionario "uso de los servicios de salud". Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y regresión logística para modelar la probabilidad de ser usuario del servicio. Resultados Participaron del estudio 656 adultos mayores, con un promedio de edad de 67,9 años. Consultaron por enfermedad, en el último mes, 407 participantes (62,0 %) de los cuales 376 (92,4 %) consultó 1 o 2 veces. Residir en estrato socio-económico 4, 5 y 6) (chi² 4,14 p=0,043), tener una enfermedad diagnosticada (chi² 3,82 p=0,051), enfermedad crónica (chi² 7,0 p=0,008) o esperar 30 minutos o menos para ser atendidos (chi² 3,17 p=0,075), son factores asociados al uso de los servicios de atención primaria en salud por parte de los adultos mayores en Cartagena. En el modelo de regresión las variables tener enfermedad diagnosticada (chi²3, 59 p=0,0581) y esperar 30 minutos o menos para ser atendido (chi² 3,02 p=0,0818), fueron variables explicativas del uso de los servicios. Conclusión El uso de los servicios de atención primaria por parte de los adultos mayores en Cartagena está influido por múltiples dimensiones como residir en estrato socio-económico medio, tener enfermedad diagnosticada, padecer enfermedad crónica y esperar 30 minutos o menos para ser atendidos.

Objective Establishing the factors associated with using healthcare services for the aged in Cartagena, Colombia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. A 656 sample-size was estimated for a population of 66,795 senior citizens; stratified sampling was used. A questionnaire entitled "Using healthcare services" (Uso de los servicios de salud) was used; descriptive statistics and logistical regression were then used for modeling the probability of being a healthcare service user. Results 656 senior citizens participated in the study; average age was 67.9 years old. 407 of the participants had consulted for disease during the last month (62.0 %); 376 of them (92.4 %) had consulted once or twice. Living in socio-economicstrata4, 5 and/or 6 (Chi² 4.14; p=0.043), having a diagnosed disease (Chi² 3.82 p=0,051), suffering from a chronic disease (Chi² 7.0; p=0.008) or waiting for 30 minutes or less to be seen (Chi² 3.17; p=0.075) were factors associated with using primary healthcare services by senior citizens in Cartagena. Having a diagnosed disease (Chi² 3.59; p=0.0581) and waiting for 30 minutes or less to be seen (Chi² 3.02; p=0.0818) were the regression model variables explaining healthcare service use. Conclusion A senior citizen using primary healthcare services in Cartagena was influenced by variables such as residing in mid-level socio-economic strata, having a diagnosed disease, suffering from a chronic disease and waiting for 30 minutes or less to be seen.

Discussions on strategy options to improve the public benefit nature of China' s public hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

This paper studied the development stages in terms of the public nature of public hospitals in China and analyzed the causes for their weakened public benefits.It proposed the principle of government guidance,achieving government purchasing of healthcare services as the roadmap,as well as building and improving the service purchasing system,performance appraisal system,and payment review system along with supervision system.These measures are designed to make public hospitals in their public benefit nature with scientific system design,powerful institutional guarantee,and efficient execution strategies.